This article is the third in a series teaching the basics of photography. We started by learning about the properties of light and how an image is created, and we also learned how a lens bends light ...

THE following method is so much simpler than those ordinarily used, that it may be of interest to your readers. You have full access to this article via your institution.

When light moves from air into glass or plastic it is refracted close refractionProcess by which a wave changes speed and sometimes direction upon entering a denser or less dense medium, eg a light ...

When you’re building a machine-vision system, you must ensure that the lens you choose will properly capture an image that includes everything you want to inspect. Two simple formulas let you quickly ...