The various identities of cells, whether they are in the brain, heart, kidney, or any other tissue, are defined by the genes they expressed. In basic terms, the genes that are active in a cell are ...

While humans have an esthetic liking for symmetry in everything, nature prefers asymmetric, single-handed forms when it comes to amino acids—the building blocks of proteins, and, by extension, all ...

The process of 'translation' in protein synthesis involves formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids that are attached to two distinct transfer RNAs (tRNAs). For long, scientists have been ...

(A) Suppressor tRNA readthrough strategy. Natural tRNAs with engineered anticodons are charged with canonical amino acids to enable readthrough of the premature termination codon (PTC). (B) Unnatural ...

There are different kinds of ribonucleic acids that play essential roles in many aspects of molecular biology, including the creation of proteins from gene sequences in DNA. One type of ribonucleic ...

Yale researchers, in collaboration with scientists from Stanford, Columbia and Sweden have engineered synthetic tRNAs that are able to effectively introduce selenocysteine amino acids into any protein ...

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) deliver specific amino acids to ribosomes during translation of messenger RNA into proteins. The abundance of tRNAs can therefore have a profound impact on cell physiology, but ...

Scientists trying to engineer biologic molecules with new functions have long felt limited by the 20 amino-acid building blocks. Researchers are working to develop ways of putting new building ...